Parallel Structure Example

What Exactly Is Parallel Structure?

At its core, parallel structure is about balance and consistency in sentence construction. It's the practice of using identical grammatical forms for elements that are grammatically equal. Think of it like a well-tuned orchestra: each instrument plays its part, but they all contribute to a harmonious whole. When you have a series of items, phrases, or clauses that are meant to be treated as equivalent, they should ideally share the same grammatical shape. This could mean using a series of nouns, verbs, infinitive phrases, gerunds, or even entire clauses. The goal is to create a pleasing rhythm and make the relationship between the ideas clear and easy to follow. Without it, sentences can feel clunky, confusing, or unintentionally unbalanced.

Why Is Parallel Structure So Important?

The benefits of employing parallel structure are numerous and impactful. Primarily, it dramatically improves clarity. When ideas are presented in a consistent grammatical format, the reader can more easily grasp their relationship and the overall message. This consistency acts as a signal, telling the reader, 'These things are alike.' Secondly, parallel structure enhances readability and flow. Sentences with parallel elements often have a natural rhythm that makes them more engaging and less taxing to process. This is particularly crucial in longer pieces of writing where maintaining reader attention is paramount. Furthermore, it adds emphasis. By aligning similar ideas grammatically, you subtly highlight their importance and their connection to one another. This can be a powerful tool for persuasion and for making your arguments more compelling. Finally, it contributes to a sense of professionalism and polish. Writing that effectively uses parallel structure often feels more sophisticated, deliberate, and well-crafted, reflecting positively on the author.

Common Places to Find Parallel Structure

• Lists and Series: When you list three or more items, ensure they are in the same grammatical form (e.g., all nouns, all verbs, all phrases starting with '-ing').
• Comparisons: Using 'than' or 'as' to compare two things often requires parallel construction.
• Correlative Conjunctions: Pairs like 'either...or,' 'neither...nor,' 'not only...but also,' and 'both...and' demand parallel elements following each part of the pair.
• Compound Predicates: When a subject performs multiple actions, the verbs describing those actions should be in parallel form.
• Titles and Headings: Consistent formatting in titles and headings makes them easier to scan and understand.

Examples of Parallel Structure in Action

Let's dive into some concrete examples to illustrate how parallel structure works in practice. Understanding these variations will help you spot and implement it more effectively in your own writing.

When listing items, ensure they are all nouns or noun phrases. Non-parallel: She enjoys hiking, swimming, and to ride her bike. Parallel: She enjoys hiking, swimming, and biking. (All gerunds) Parallel: She enjoys hiking, swimming, and riding her bike. (All gerund phrases)

When a subject performs multiple actions, the verbs should match in tense and form. Non-parallel: The dog barked, wagged its tail, and jumped with joy. Parallel: The dog barked, wagged its tail, and jumped with joy. (All simple past tense verbs)

If you're using infinitive phrases (to + verb) in a series, keep them consistent. Non-parallel: His goals were to graduate with honors, to find a good job, and a comfortable apartment. Parallel: His goals were to graduate with honors, to find a good job, and to secure a comfortable apartment. (All infinitive phrases)

Ensure prepositional phrases in a series follow the same pattern. Non-parallel: The book was on the table, in the bag, and under the chair. Parallel: The book was on the table, in the bag, and under the chair. (All prepositional phrases)

When using multiple clauses that serve a similar function, they should be structured similarly. Non-parallel: I don't know why he is late, or how he will get here. Parallel: I don't know why he is late or how he will get here. (Both subordinate clauses starting with 'how' or 'why')

This is a common area where parallelism is crucial. The structure following each part of the conjunction pair must be the same. Non-parallel: She is interested not only in history but also in art. Parallel: She is interested not only in history but also in art. (Both prepositional phrases) Non-parallel: He decided either to go home or staying late. Parallel: He decided either to go home or to stay late. (Both infinitive phrases) Non-parallel: The team was both praised by the coach and cheered by the fans. Parallel: The team was both praised by the coach and cheered by the fans. (Both passive verb phrases)

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

While the concept of parallel structure is straightforward, applying it consistently can be tricky. Here are some common mistakes and how to sidestep them.

• Mixing Gerunds and Infinitives: Be mindful when listing actions. If you start with a gerund ('-ing' form), continue with gerunds. If you start with an infinitive ('to' + verb), stick with infinitives.
• Inconsistent Tenses: When listing verbs, ensure they are in the same tense unless there's a specific reason for a shift.
• Varying Phrase Types: Avoid mixing different types of phrases (e.g., a noun phrase followed by a prepositional phrase) in a list where they are meant to be parallel.
• Ignoring Correlative Conjunctions: Always double-check that the grammatical structure following 'either,' 'or,' 'neither,' 'nor,' 'not only,' 'but also,' etc., is identical.
• Overlooking Compound Subjects/Verbs: Ensure that if a subject has multiple verbs or if multiple subjects share a verb, the structure remains consistent.

Advanced Applications: Parallelism in Speeches and Literature

Parallel structure isn't just for academic essays; it's a powerful rhetorical device used by some of the greatest orators and writers throughout history. Think of famous speeches. John F. Kennedy's inaugural address famously uses parallelism: 'Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.' This creates a memorable, impactful contrast. Similarly, Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech is replete with parallel structures, most notably the repeated phrase 'I have a dream,' which builds emotional power and reinforces his vision. In literature, authors use it to create rhythm, emphasize themes, and develop characters. The repetition and balance make the language more musical and persuasive, drawing the reader deeper into the text. Recognizing these advanced uses can inspire you to experiment with parallelism in your own creative or persuasive writing.

Putting It All Together: Refining Your Writing

Mastering parallel structure is an ongoing process. It requires careful attention during the drafting and revision stages. When you're editing, read your sentences aloud. Often, awkward phrasing or a lack of rhythm will become apparent, signaling a potential need for parallelism. Look for series of words, phrases, or clauses, and ask yourself if they are grammatically consistent. If not, try rephrasing them to match. Don't be afraid to experiment with different grammatical forms until you find the most effective and elegant solution. With practice, you'll develop an instinct for parallelism, making your writing more persuasive, clear, and engaging. It's a fundamental skill that can elevate your communication in any context.